availability Outside Hause off The End The End And enjoy. But for those of you who are even wildly interested in the Buffalo Hunters, I have a few slides and some comments on the Buffalo Hunters. I'm glad to get into that. Also, during this break, before we do that, if anybody wants to buy a copy of Jim Cohn, it's really an excellent book. I can recommend this because I didn't write it. I don't make any money off of it, so I don't write some of it. We don't know concrete of interest here. Do you like it? Oh, these are $15. Well, in actuality, they're $14.95, but I don't charge tax, and it's easy if we don't have to make change. Give me $15, and the council will be glad to get it. Thank you. Earlier this afternoon, we talked about Ice Age hunters who tackle really big animals like mammoth. They were specifically called Clovis because the top site was located in Clovis, New Mexico, and the animals that they specialized in hunting again were mammoth. This is a neck bone, one of the seven cervical vertebrae that a mammoth has. In fact, all of us mammals have the same number of neck bones. We all have seven cervical or neck vertebrae. If you take your index finger and run down the back of your shirt to about where your shirt culmer is, you will find a bone you grow to. That is the spinous process of the seventh or last cervical vertebrae. So whether you're a long-necked giraffe or a short-necked human or a short-necked mammoth, we all have the same number of neck bones. And this, again, then, is one from a mammoth. Mammoth were big. In fact, we use the word mammoth to indicate something that is big. You all read the Johnny Hart DC comic strip. DC's a caveman. He has a friend named Thor. DC says to Thor one time, Why do we call them mouse? And Thor, I don't know if I'm a clue. And DC said, Well, it's so much easier to say than humongous. These animals were humongous. Maybe 14 feet tall on the shoulder. Might weigh 12 or 13 tons. Feet about 18 inches in diameter. In fact, for those of you who have visited Melbourne or Bureau of Beach Squared, in the Ice Age beach sand there is preserved a series of 18-inch diameter mammoth tracks. And mixed amongst those is a very squished human skeleton. I said we got very little Ice Age human skeleton material. Well, the score on that one was mammoth, swan, and hunters, nothing. Those clothes hunters used stone projectile points about this size to kill mammoths. And they may indeed have been successful in killing the last mammoth. I suspect that the demise of the Ice Age animals was caused by a climatic change. And so the herds were reduced due to climate change. And then people probably were successful in killing the last one. The modern buffalo ore, or bison, has been successfully taken by Native American hunters using spears equipped with small points like this. This is a dark point. This is actually too heavy because of stone blades. It's too heavy to be a successful arrowhead. So buffalo were killed with darts thrown with what we call spear throw, or the Native American term is half-lattle. It's just an extension of the forearm. It gives you greater leverage. And we can throw a stone-chipped spear very actively and with great force. But the Plains Indians and others, after they acquired the bow and arrow at about 18450, were successful in hunting the buffalo with tiny little arrowheads. Arrowheads this size collectors often refer to as bird points, thinking unknowingly that such a tiny thing would be useful only for a bird. Or a tree or goose to some such thing. But because I did my master's thesis on six truckloads of bone, they don't run you off easily at the University of Kansas, six truckloads of bone from archaeological sites in the Missouri River Trench, mostly in South Dakota, I recovered a tremendous number of true arrowheads to find these from the bones, the vertebrae of buffalo and also of elk. Now, during the period we call the low ice age, which would be from A.D. 1450 to about 1870, maybe 1880, a year in Arizona, there was a great deal more moisture in North America. And that increased moisture and cooler temperature has resulted in the creation of tremendous grasslands throughout much of North America, the Plains states. And those grasslands supported at least, this is a conservative estimate, at least 34 million of the animals that we call buffalo, bison, bison, bison. Beginning in 1870, buffalo were shot just for their lives. The Industrial Revolution was kicking in, and leather belts were needed to run the machines of industry. And until 1870, American leather goods, including belts for running industry, were made from the hives of Argentine channel. But in 1870, there was a tremendous die-off of Canada and Argentina. So a new source of leather was needed, and it was found that the hide of the American buffalo could be tanned into usable leather, whether you wanted a industrial belt, a pair of boots, or maybe tanned with the fur on and use it to cover your bed, your buddy, your slave, whatever, simply for one. Tanned it and sew it into a coat, make a buffalo overcoat, that sort of thing. So beginning in 1870, buffalo were shot just for their hives. The animal was skinned, and maybe the tongue was taken, maybe the hunter would take a little leap for his own use, and that was camped in there and so forth. But for the most part, the animals were simply left to rot. And further on in the game, this is according to Richard Urban Dodge from New Dodge City, Kansas, who made, further on, for every buffalo hide that got the market, or buffalo were shot. The guys didn't know right away how to handle those hives so that they wouldn't rot. Well, in 14 years, something over 34 million buffalo were shot for their hives. Now, I don't know how many drowned crossing the ice in the river. I don't know how many of the Indians continue to kill for their own use. I don't know how many died in blizzard or whatever. But I do know that we can account for something over 34 million shot for their hives. So, with that bit of introduction, we'll get the lights off and I'll get the slide and turn it off. Well, 1870 through the winter of 18384. I'm looking at how much it costs to feed a horse before I try to feed a buffalo. I'll also look at how much it costs to keep one in a pen. They're extremely strong animals. I heard one guy in Colorado and use a pirate on the field of bullets. So, when they ran the fence, they don't write down. Lloyd Phillips, a rancher friend of mine in Wyoming, and he, when I met him in 1973, he had 35 buffalo and he also had wild horses that came down along to his place. And he was a fan of the wild horse as well as the buffalo. He would beat them. He said one morning he went out to check on the, on his herd and the scouting of this particular band of wild horses was contesting ownership of the bale of the buffalo which stuck the horse here and threw the horse over the buffalo's back. This is very long. Tony had to weigh maybe 900, maybe 1100 pounds. Like that. Well, this is the subject of our talk. Bison, bison, bison. This particular one photographed at Custard State Park in South Dakota. But, again, as I mentioned earlier, during the highest age there was a solid land bridge between northeastern Europe, Asia, and northwestern North America. And the oldest remains of buffalo are found in Europe and Asia. And so buffalo and elephants and people came across this way. And according to W.T. Warden you know what I did? I sold the book after 100 of this land in America. It's nice that you're able to edit this film. So, this is one Hornaday came up with as the range of the American buffalo was a time of Bruce's settlement. here for Christopher and Baker Party. There were buffalo down at the edge of Tidewater, Virginia, what I call this settlement, Janestown. Just to get you oriented, this would be Long Island and this is about where Washington, D.C. is. And here's the north of Virginia. here. So, we had buffalo this far east and we had them this far west. Notice, however, that they're still a little bit east of the Arizona border. Here would be the Arizona border coming up right here. That would be the four corners. So, here we are in the white mountains of Arizona. So, according to Hornaday, they didn't get to Arizona. So, you can notice then, as we get more recently in time, how the rain strikes from 1795, 1810, 1825, 1876, and 1883, the very last little handful were right up there. So, as settlement went to the west, the buffalo went to the west. Buffalo were so numerous that this reporter said that he'd seen them probably on the telegraph full 50 yards from his dugout at Kyle's Station in Kansas, along the railroad line. This brown mass out here represents curves of buffalo. Grand Irving Dodge, who is a reputable historian, again, the man for whom the city was named, reported that a buffalo herd that was six miles wide past Dodge City over the course of three days saw the mass of buffalo moving to south, from north to south, as winter approached they headed south. So, here we have a chap, a professional hide hunter, who's ambushed up here using a sharp rifle. He's equipped with two cartridge belts, typically 40 rounds per belt, and he's equipped with what's called a hunter's companion, it has sharpening steel and two knives, a straight bladed knife and a curved bladed knife. The straight bladed knife he will use to rip up the belly, and the curved knife he will use to peel the hide off. And so, he's simply laying down to shoot the animal. My book is found getting a stand, because the hunters referred to the action of watching a herd of buffalo, determining which was the leader, and shooting that animal first. Without leadership, the rest of the animals would stand around. So, he could shoot as many of them as he could handle in a day. So, they call that getting a stand, and the book has a table recording how many individual buffalo were shot by individual men, and they gave a stand. Tom Nixon, who became sheriff of Dodge City later on, in October of 1872, made a boast in the long grand settlement of Dodge City that he could get a stand on more buffalo than anybody ever had. Well, the blazers were made, vets were placed, he took two rivals, he went out southwest of Dodge City, and in 45 minutes, by witness to count, in 45 minutes, he shot 110 buffalo. At that time, it was the biggest stand that was known. Another way to shoot buffalo would be to sit and support one's rifle either on crossfish, or in this case, it's managed using an archivu holder that was already antique even at the time that this action would take place in the 1870s. This is a kind of a pronged iron rod that was brought over by the Spanish to hold up their arm of the roof. Now, he's using a guard flackle, he has a second flackle, so that when this one gets too hot, he can light it down and take up the other one. He's got a cantine of water and a clinging rod, so he can clean the bore and cool off the gun. He's got two garbage belts, and so there he is getting his hand on a herd. This fellow is using cross-stakes. This actually represents Ryan Moore, his brother. This fellow killed 20,500 buffalo in his six-year career, and so here he is down in the Texas panhandle of safe rush and buffalo grass and the herd buffalo, and he's got a 16-pound gun that he's using. I regret that this is so poorly illustrated. This is a Charles Marion Russell sketch of the buffalo hunter shooting. Russell got up into Montana while the buffalo hunter was still active, and so this may have been on with the sketch here. And here we have an actual photograph by L.A. Huffman taken in January of 1882 up in Montana. These guys have horses. Their guns are very heavy, so it's smart to have a horse. You notice that this buffalo's head has been cut off. Because the buffalo has such a tall hump on its back, it's extremely difficult and possible to get one laid up on its back. It's going to roll over one way or the other. So if you cut its head off, you can use the animal's head as a wedge to help profit upright. Another way, well, that's what they've done here, another photograph by Huffman. So they use their straight knife to rip down the belly and now they're weighing the height off on either side. The white is the fatty tissue underneath the skin. This is what is next to the flag. And here's another Huffman photograph. That's a 14-pound Charm-5 in a personal collection of the other way to prop the animal up is to use what they call a pritchell stick. It has one sharp end and then has a spike of metal in the other end. You get the animal chipped up and poke that into the hide to keep it upright so that you can rip him open it and get the hide off. This guy is equipped with a shark's military rifle a canteen a pair of binoculars Hunter's companion again with the sharp steel and two knives and of course he's got his wank and put behind him. These photographs were made in the Texas panhandle in Knox County Texas in 1874 and here at the bottom we have buffalo tums hanging on a rack. The tums would bring 50 cents apiece whereas the hide might bring only a dollar. Initially the hide would be staked out so that the flesh side was up hair side down. These have been done flesh side down hair side up that one still got flesh side up. It would typically be pinned out with 16 or 18 pegs. This chap sitting over here is next to sharpening stone to keep your iron sharp. Here we they spent three or four days with the hair side down and the funny side up so they could get dry. the people have heard that has been brilliant my friend Leo Reminger this is his name down here Reminger Leo got me interested in this I've already done this book and he read the book and enjoyed it and put me on some names of some other guys so he really has initiated this Buffalo Hunter Encyclopedia that I'm working on I told some of you I have 640 names of individuals who were in business but real kind of idealized Buffalo Hunter's appearance here is fairly clean shaven neatly trimmed beard got a Smith & Wesson American probably 44 American caliber got a 16 pound shark and a very nice buffalo overcoat Hunter's companion again with steel in the middle nice boots and all that so this is what we don't think the Buffalo Hunter ideally looked like well are you ready? here they are these are the real McCoy so the girls with a powder keg here's a firkin or wooden bucket on a powder keg and these guys bought lead by the ton and by maybe 4,000 pounds of lead to mold and cast their bullets a Buffalo Hunter's cartridge would throw as little as 70 grains of powder as much as 120 grains of powder the bullet would weigh as little as 370 grains for a .40 caliber gun as much as 550 grains for a .45 or .50 caliber gun and you know that an ounce of lead weighs 437 grains so you would have to have a tremendous amount of lead if you were going to go out and shoot thousands of buffalo and average two maybe three rounds per hive hand so here's another military rifle hand that wagged bows of heavy sharps in this guy's hand sharpening steel and notice this guy lost an arm probably a civil war better in fact here was money to be made literally on the hook a lot of guys survived the civil war interested in adventure like the American West and didn't mind the smell of air powder so it was an actual thing for them to get into to become buffalo hearts well here's a wagon load of pies on sweaty market and here's an actual photograph of 500 buffalo heists 1876 and these would be by this time these would be down in the Texas of Panhandle the buffalo were shot out of Texas by the winter of 78 79 and people in Texas were concerned that all our buffalo are getting killed when they say buffalo are going to do something about it and so they prevailed upon the legislature of the state of Texas to pass a law prohibiting the shooting of buffalo and Bill Sheridan got wind of that so he went to address the Texas legislature and he said you've got this all on voice he said you ought to instead of prohibiting buffalo hunting what you ought to do is net a medal to give the buffalo hunters he said they have a dead buffalo on one side and a discouraged Indian on the other the buffalo this is a direct quote now the buffalo hunters have done more than the regular army has in the last 30 years to settle the best Indian harbor so buffalo hunters continued to shoot buffalo and Texas until they were gone what is the old axiom an army moves on his stomach and the stomach of the Indian army to command these the the the buffalo so remove the buffalo the Indian has to go to the reservation here's Robert Wright sitting on a file that was numbered actual number 40,000 buffalo hives inside this yard at Dodge City Kansas in the background is a big press for bailing these hives into bales so they easily transported to market well here's our buddy Tom Nixon he became sheriff of Dodge City that's Jim White one of the really famous buffalo hunters and Henry Hubert Raymond playing the fiddle they're in a little dugout outside Dodge City at Christmas of 1873 and notice the army surplus stuff that they have this is 1873 so they already have as army surplus the 50 caliber craftwork Greenfield replaced in 73 by the 45 70 they have a US surplus canteen they've got US surplus ammunition in fact if the buffalo hunter went to an army post and presented himself to the commanding officer he could get surplus free talking about ammunition now nice little metallic sound there for those of you who are fans of that kind of western americana here's a couple of guys with the hair there was a law against having buffalo in Indian territory you could find anywhere north of the Cimarron that you couldn't go south of the Cimarron well the buffalo were shot out by July of 1873 shot out in the vicinity of the city so these guys right more and his buddy Webb went south of the Cimarron looking for buffalo and do they look like they're well supplied all these guys are carrying is their rifles ammunition and in their saddle bags they've got salt they are depending on the fighting buffalo again those of you who are western horsemen recognize this is in the center of the Spanish bar he's got a short back he's got one less 12 bar vertigo than when they went out like that miles wouldn't they have their skinners following them how could they bring back all the hides before they had these two horses this was a scouting trip they were going to find out where the herds were and then after they did well they got down there they found buffalo all right they found man anyways the horse that got down on one year so he had to hold these guys back they found buffalo by the million so they went back to Dodge city and requested an interview a meeting with Richard Erick Dodge and he asked a million questions about what it was like to be a buffalo hundred and finally they said well Mr. Dodge you have her colonel Dodge he answered our question well what was it they said what would your policy be towards us if we crossed the neutral strip in other words what would the army do if we broke the law and he said boys if I was a buffalo murderer I'd have buffalo with a buffalo wire they did so they shot buffalo by the gazillions but some of them got shot and here was a heavy buffalo gun in possession of a native American and you know he didn't buy it in the post one of many buffalo hunters known to have been killed by Native Americans and here is Red Dog a prominent man among the Oglala variety of the Sioux Zimacota and this is undoubtedly a 52 and half inch one of the really heavy buffalo guns so you know he didn't buy that either you all may not realize is that these guys didn't have cell phones in their wings so how are they going to communicate when they separate this is John Cloud Jacobs partnering with John William Poe and Jill McCombs McCombs and Poe have gone on out on the range and they sent Jacobs into town to sell the hives and to re-supply well how is he going to know where to find them they said when we come to a port in the road following over barriers he'll be very surprised when you come to a port in the road and take it well how is he going to know which way to go they said when we come to a port in the road we will go off to the side and we will drive a little safe and we will bury a tomato can with instructions over where to go next he was mighty pleased to meet up with his comments folks that is a man alone like that with a team of boxing he's not going to outrun and he's going to run out of ammunition before he gets the ball that's a very scary position to be in he was mighty pleased to meet up with his buddies well here's McCones and this is Poe and this is the first of a series of incidents in which the buffalo was thought to be dead but had decided not to be a chicken so McCones had to lay in plan in remembrance of this this guy presented to him a Remington smooth revolver nicely engraved under Merle grips cased and if I have been willing to mortgage my home I could have bought that gun but had a very nice inscription from Poe to McCones Fort Dirtan Texas 1874 well here's another buffalo that wasn't quite dead he was laying there looking dead the guy brings his wagon up to peel the hide off and the buffalo decides not only not to be dead but to go for a ride just to spot a jack who was later killed by the romanshees he went up and sat down on this ostensibly dead buffalo and gave him a ride into this little quiet lake in the Texas panhandle and this is Robert Warren Chambers who after the buffalo were gone he took his buffalo time to pasa report hums菊 home happened in the operations He sneaks up this ravine, this gun, arroyo, and grabs hold of a sagebrush and cuts loose with his .40-90 bottleneck cartridge, sharps, and the military pulls out with the recoil on his weight. He lands down unconscious and doesn't know for the next day that his first shot had been successful. Later on, as an amateur, he visited the camps of the professionals and they asked him, son, how many rounds do you use per hive? And he said, uh, uh-oh, they were kept counting. They said, we want to average no more than two rounds per hive. So this particular morning, he has shot 16 buffalo with 32 rounds. And he goes out and starts scanning. He finds his old cow's not dead yet. He's like, rather than shoot her again and spoils his average. He thought, well, I'll just cut her throat with my knife. Well, it was a big mistake. He's like, you know, she knocked him over. I felt her hot breath on the back of my neck. Well, eventually, he gets his legs scooched up under him and zips out. The buffalo chases him around and she finally expires from the wound at her side. Lots of exciting adventures. This is Dutch Henry Bourne, very famous horse feet after the buffalo hunt was over. He made his little steaming horses. But here he is, scanning out a cow. I didn't notice the calf slipping up behind him and took revenge on the death of his mother. By the way, I want to point out that he was drawn by Bill Lefkowitz. He was president of the Texas Cowboy Artists Association at the time that he did this. He's still a very famous artist in Texas. He did a life-size bronze, Bobby Murphy, for the state of Texas. And he did a bronze of Bear Bryant for the state of Alabama. And you know those Alabamans came out of the Bear Bryant. So they chose a pretty good artist. These are Swedes. These boys have just come over the old world and probably speak three words of English among them. They find their way out to Dodge City and they find out that they can make a good living shooting buffalo. They go out on the planes in October, very poorly equipped for October weather. And you may have heard the phrase that in the planes, blizzards come sudden and soon in the death of night or the blazing moon. Well these boys experienced an order, a controlled wind. And so they wrapped up in these fresh buffalo hides and found that every buffalo was well equipped with violence. So they're all scratching themselves. They've got lice and please and ticks. Here's our buddy Robert Warren Chambers again. This particular event, he was nine miles across the Montana Prairie from his dugout. And he shot eight buffalo bulls late in the day and began to skin them out when a blizzard blew up. There's snow in the air. And he gets disoriented in the blizzard, wandering around across the prairie for hours, even after God. And finally, he said, here I was freezing to death and seeing a fire in the snow. His imagination has gone wild with it. He thinks that he's looking into the gates of hell itself. How else would you explain seeing a fire in the snow in the middle of the lizard out there? I mean, his mind is just, he's crazy. Well, it's getting ready to cock his charge rifle in case Satan appears. But I would say by the power of God, this man has water across the prairie and is standing on the dugout, standing on the roof of his own dugout looking at his own chimney. And here's a little vignette. This is Frank Collinson and that's Jim Weiss. Jim Weiss headed for Montana to shoot buffalo. The buffalo were shot out of Texas here. This is the winter of 78, 79. And they've fired her for several years and they've got this dog that they both like. It's part Malibu and part Bull. And they both want the dog. And they don't think it's fair to the dog for clipping coins. So they decided they would just separate and see which one the dog followed. And he'd go through every white bed. Good thing for the dog that he showed Frank Collinson. Jim White was quite a drunkard. He would spend his hive mind on booths. And here he is out in the flames with his new partner, Oliver Perry Hound. He's got delirium tree nets. He's running across the prairie thinking somebody is after him. And putting Hannah back there has a bottle of the hair of the bear or the hair of the dog. Whatever the phrase is. And he'll get over it and come down a little at a time. They built a cabin up on what's known called White's Creek after Jim White. And he's on the west slope of the Bay Horn Mountains in Wyoming. Across the mountain from Sheridan. And Hannah had a feeling that I would go back east across the Bay Horn Mountains to check on his place over there. And while he was gone, probably, big nose's doors and his gang came and killed White and piling him over there under the trees. And he got covered up with the snow. A few years later, Hannah found his sharp sharp rifle in a blacksmith shop down at, um, BTC or Wood River, somewhere down there. Recognized his gun. But, uh, old White was shot through the head probably with his own rifle. He's now re-vary at Old Trail Town in Coby, Wyoming. If you get up to Coby, you can see the Hannah White, uh, cabin. And, uh, I had the privilege of firing a shot out of Hannah's rifle. This is over, over Jim White's grave, uh, that's got it there ten years ago now. Excuse me Bill? Who's Big Nose Pete? Big Nose George was a, Big Nose George was a pretty famous, uh, outlaw. Held up stagecoach in Ronald Banks. I mean, he's just a bad dude. He, he finally was caught in a pond. Big Nose George is the subject of one of the charter Russell's famous paintings. He's, uh, out holding a double barrel shotgun on a stagecoach driving. Bad dude. Well, this guy, this guy was, uh, caught with his nephew, uh, just a teenager. Rather than go to work with shooting a skinning buffalo, they found a very lucrative living in stealing hives from the guys who just shot and skimmed them. Uh, guys who, when they piled the hives out on the prairie, just with moss on them, and of course they put their own camp mark on them, indicating ownership, they just go off and leave them. And these hoos would come along and, uh, throw them on the wagon and take them off the market. Well, they finally got caught. And so they, uh, shall we say they got a confession under duress to discourage him from continuing that activity. Well, with the buffalo were all shot for hives. And I, I want to point out again, uh, as reprehensible as this seems to have shot of these animals with their hives, the Little Ice Age supported the grasslands that supported the buffalo. The Little Ice Age ended here in this county in 1883. It got drier. By 1890 and since 1890, this part of Arizona and the southwest have been tremendously drier than they were in the preceding four hundred and fifty years. The point of this is that the, the buffalo habitat would have reduced radically anyway. And of course, with continuing western settlement, uh, by us people, buffalo habitat would have been reduced. So, uh, the vast herd of buffalo would have been reduced even had they not been shot with the trigger hives. Well, after the buffalo were gone, what we have left is a prairie covered with buffalo bones and, uh, many a settler homesteader family with each out of living, not only farming, but by gathering bones. Early on, and by that I mean 18, 81, 82, you could get, are you ready for this? You could get $6.50 a ton for buffalo bones. By the end of the game, say, uh, 1888, 89, for the whole bones were picked up. You might get $14 a ton. Uh, here we have, according to the, uh, the minor North Dakota Daily News, on July 3rd, 1889, one hundred and three teams accompanied by about five hundred Métis hauled bones into town that day to be on hand for the Fourth of July celebration. So these are wagons full of buffalo bones scattered by, uh, the Métis around, uh, old Devils Lake in North Dakota. I think the bones happened in that country. The bones were used for, and here we have bone china at home. Bones were burned to make filters, charcoal filters, for sugar refining. And, of course, bones also ran up and used for fertilizer, bone fertilizer. So those were the major markets for buffalo bones. Um, a ton of bones, 2,000 pounds of bones would require about a hundred skeletons of adult buffalo. So here they are plowed up along the railroad side and they put in the boxcars. And, uh, any of you who are into the, uh, buffalo decor, like that one up there, that buffalo skull today would cost about $250 to buy that thing on the wall. And I just, I checked the market just the other day. This skull, the photograph taken in the Torrey Mission, that pile is nothing but buffalo skulls. Every one of those zombies is buffalo skulls. Well, I mentioned that the, the buffalo then were removed from the Texas panhandle, but the prairie was still good. This is, uh, this is about 1876. This is Charles Goodnight, pioneer Texas cattle man, claims man. Uh, he was also born in 1836, died in 1929. And, uh, brought long-born cattle into the Texas panhandle, where the buffalo had there on the way to smell of their cattle. He met John Adair at the Denver Stock Show, and he borrowed $100,000 at 20% annual interest and made them both wealthy. Because the buffalo were growing, the grass was still there. He was paying for something else, didn't he? Charles Goodnight? Yeah. He gave those kids first up. How did you know that? Yeah. This, uh, this is what Texas panhandle looks like today. The climate has changed drastically. We are in a drought cycle compared to what we were in the previous 400 years. So, uh, this is as good as it gets in the paper panhandle. I put that photograph on a morning where there was a lot of poor frost. But, uh, this is where the design ranch was located. Well, I mentioned that the barn moves on the stomach with the buffalo gone. These guys had to go onto the reservation, but they did not go quietly. Here's, uh, Osteo Charles Marsh and his paleontology students. They were out on the prairie looking for dinosaurs. And, uh, they barely escaped, uh, meeting the, uh, the planes in the east. In fact, uh, Sternberg from Canada is looking for fossils out in the, uh, eastern Montana area. On, uh, the morning of June 28th, 1876, he came across a tremendous trail of travel on hundreds of thousands of horses and so forth. So, if he had been in that spot a few days earlier, he would have been Custer and Sternberg. Uh, this is Billy Dixon. I mentioned to you that, uh, Billy Dixon was at the Battle of Adobe Walls in the Texas Panhandle, 1874, June of 74. And it was Billy Dixon who made the so-called mile-long shot. The distance was actually 1,532 measured yards from Adobe Walls. He shot a commandee on his horse. He saved them for another reason. He received the Congressional Medal of Honor because he survived a standoff in a Buffalo Wall. This is a Buffalo Wall. Uh, Dixon and a handful of soldiers fought off, uh, the, uh, the Kyle Wall. This is all we covered in the hand because Billy Dixon was such a good shot, such a hero, he got a great phenomenal honor. This is, uh, how Leo Reminger received Wright Moore on the day in 1876 when he shot, uh, one of the few white buffalo. Uh, I could account for, I've written an article, uh, documenting six, how my, how white buffalo, uh, in, in the 34 million, um, buffalo, uh, that were shot in, of course, the Buffalo Hunt. This is how Wright Moore worked after his retirement. This is one of his two guns. He had an 11-pound gun and a 14-pound gun, and, uh, he said he killed, he killed about 15,000 with his 11-pound gun and over about 6,000 with his 14-pound gun. Those are both on display in, uh, in the museum of Snyder, Texas, where Mr. Moore, uh, retired. Here's, uh, all of them. I'm sorry, Mark. Go ahead, Bill. What do they do about the barrels? How can you fire that, you know, two rounds of buffalo, denim, how can they fire that the barrels through a barrel and, uh, burning out there? Bill, and Bill has brought up a very good point. First of all, the big guns, 11-pound, some of them we shot today was 12-pound. The guns were typically fired with ammunition that had paper patch bullets, and, uh, they were well cared for. But today, if you find a buffalo gun for sale on the market, it's rare to find one that has a good gore. They did get shone out. And a friend of mine in Scottsdale has a gun that I think is, is the primo, the A-plus-ultra. There's not a better example of a buffalo hunter gun. Here's letters that, as the Sharps factory indicates, that the gun was shipped to Fort Griffin, Texas in 1877. And it was subsequently re-barreled by A.D. McCausland and both of them lost out. So, it was used in both the southern herd and the northern herd. And, yeah, the original barrel was simply shot out, wore out, and put in a new barrel. So, here's Oliver Perry here on the 50th anniversary of the custard glass stand. And he is holding a 16-pound gun, caliber .4477 bottle bag, letters to Mark B. Dell in Kitt Carson, Colorado in 1872. He got this gun from Jim White and then recovered it at that blacksmith shop of Hyattville. While he didn't find a teacher, he recovered it in Hyattville. And I got it and presented it to Bob Baker of an old trail town named Cody, named for this guy, Buffalo Bill Cody, who is not in my Buffalo 100 cycle TV because he didn't shoot buffalo for their hives. And, Bill Cody got a reputation shooting between 4,000 and 5,000 for me to feed the Union Pacific Railroad, the Candace Pacific Railroad guys. And this is an illustration of oil painting by Fred Felds himself, a collector of Pine Buffalo, a memory of Lillian, lives up at the Big Fort in Montana. And I believe that's the last one. So, any questions or comments on this, we can get the lights on. I appreciate your attention and interest in this. No, no, leave those off, Bob. Good grief. So, thank you all very much. You've had a great light. Thank you. Well, thank you. If anybody fell asleep, I didn't hear you here before. Anybody have any questions? Yeah. We're running here. We're running here. We're running here. We're running here, sir. Miles, who's the right? We're running here. And your question is, you're turning about .49 to 70. What are those numbers from .45 stands for the caliber in thousandths of an inch. .45 is a little less than half an inch. So, a .50 and a .70 would be .50 caliber and 70 grains of black powder. The popular Buffalo cartridges, the very first ones were .44 caliber, 77 grains of black powder. So, a .44-77 and a bottle of that case like the .30-06 that we shot today rather than a straight tapered case like the .45-70 is a straight tapered case. So, we started out with .44-77 and .50-70 and it was discovered that because the .50 caliber had quite a rainbow trajectory, the mountain wouldn't kill a buffalo, it just you couldn't shoot so far. So, they increased the length of the case to two and a half inches worth of a roll of 90 or 100 grains of powder depending how you chose to load it. As you read this book, you will find that the guys would put, oh, 30-40 pounds of lead in a big cast iron skillet and melt that over a buffalo chip fire. When it had a nice blue sheen on it, then it was time to dip lead and pour bullets. So, there was not only a hunter, but also a handstander whose job it was to gather buffalo chips for the fire to mold and cast bullets and reload cartridges. And one of the fun things about the archivological excavation at the Adobe Walls post down in the Texas fanhandle was the recovery of the screws from casting bullets and the stiff primers and cartridge casings. And those that were most popular were the 44-77 and the 50-70 and 59 there at that particular battle site. Bill asked about wearing out barrels. The guns were heavy, 12 pounds up to 16 pounds. And so you could shoot a bunch of rounds and the fatness of the barrel would have soared to eat until it got so hot though then also the bore would expand and your bullet would kind of wobble around the barrel. It was time to put it down, clean it out, pick up the other gun. Question way back there. How many buffaloes are left? How many what? How many are left? How many are left? Well, at the end of the game here, about 1884, Hornaday could account for less than 100. Michelle Pablo up in Montana, up at Planned Hatch Lake, was thoughtful and preserved some. Charles Goodnight kept some in Calendor Canyon, Texas, and Charles Buffalo Jones, who had himself been a hive man, and gathered up a bunch of calves, and he had his own buffalo herd there in Garden City, Kansas, and then brought them to the north realm of the Grand Canyon. And that was the nucleus of the state of Arizona, House-Font Buffalo Range. Nowadays, there are these national herds. There's one at Boise, Montana, one at Valentine, Nebraska, and one at Cache, Oklahoma. Those are national bison herds with hundreds of animals in each. There are bison and, of course, national foods, and there are oodles of private ranchers who have big herds. Among which, if any of you have read Mike or Kathleen O'Neal's years of course, the people of the deer, the people of the wolf, the people of the river, the people of the rain, any of those. You see these for sale in the bookstores and airports and so forth. They're very popular. Those kids are, are themselves professional archaeologists. They came into my camp in Wyoming in 77, I guess. Poor, cold, wet, miserable, unknown. And so we showed them hospitality. Here it is, many years later, they show up at Casa Malo Pais. Very wealthy, thank you. They've taken their knowledge of archaeology and written popular novel. And they have their own buffalo ranch at Hermontville, Wyoming. So the moral of all this is, go out and write the great American novels. You too, for those of us, I hope. More questions or comments? Thank you. Does anybody want to buy a raw-crown buffalo? We have some with you. We're quite interested in water here. If you want to see some real live buffalo, if you've never seen buffalo before other than on television and stuff, If you go up to Sho'o, to Highway 60, and turn right, you'll get to a point where you have a choice of going right or going straight, or turning left and then going straight towards St. John's. I'll just go to Springerville and turn left on 191, which used to be 66. And when you get up toward Lyman Lake, there's a small herd of six buffalo there that, who is part owner of those buffalo, she was the first member of the Buffalo Club that purchased and maintains those buffalo. And that's part number one. So, you want to see some buffalo over there right there. I wish it was a Lyman Lake. Thank you. Thank you, my house. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. By the way, for those of you who don't know, Ann went to Gallup to pick up issue number 16 of Veritas, and she should be aware. It's probably about 630. Everybody will get a fresh copy. And that's it for Miles' talk. This is the third hour in that series. And I just went to stop the tape and rewind it. I hope you enjoyed it. His talk on the ancient Indian cultures, their pictographs and pictograms and pictographs, it was extremely interesting. And the reason I asked Miles to come to the conference and give that talk was to clear up all the disinformation and misinformation, just outright lies, that you see on programs, on television, claiming that all of these rock paintings and rock pictures that have been left by the ancient cultures and the Native Americans somehow are telling you that extraterrestrials visited this earth and all of that kind of crap. And it's just not true. Miles showed us all of the different signs and symbols. And you get to hear it, but you couldn't see it. And a lot of the signs and symbols that people have claimed that the Indians left as the symbols of wormholes in space through which extraterrestrial beings visited the earth have no such meaning whatsoever. It don't mean any of those things. It's just total baloney. So, Miles did an excellent job of dispelling the myths and the BS, which is really what it is, and setting everybody straight on that. And he also gave us an excellent talk on the old buffalo hunters of the Old West. And I think everybody, in fact, I know, everybody at the conference really enjoyed every moment of it and sat in rapt attention and just ate it all up. I wish my radio audience could have seen the slides and some of the artifacts and bones and skulls and things that he had there to explain what it was that he was talking about. Unfortunately, you can't do that on radio, but Miles is such a gifted speaker that I think he did a pretty good job of conveying what all of that was simply in his talk without you having to see those things. So, good night, folks. Tune in tomorrow night at the same time for another episode of the Hour of the Time. as Bred Rural Thank you. Thank you. Godspeed and please drive safe. Godspeed and please drive safe. Godspeed and please drive safe. You've been listening to the Hour of the Time. I'm William Cooper. This is 101.1 FM Eager. 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