a news it the The End Good evening or afternoon, as the case may be. Once again, you're listening to the Hour of the Time, and I'm still William Cooper. President William Jefferson Clinton called me the most dangerous radio host in America in a White House memo which Rush Limbaugh read on the air on his excellence in broadcasting network. You know, the network that spends all its time calling the president names and never identifies the real enemy or gives you real solutions to the real problems which we face, which is the destruction of this nation, the destruction of all of the things that we've always valued, and the bringing into existence of a socialist totalitarian New World Order, which I have documented over many, many, many, many hundreds, even thousands of hours of radio broadcasting on the Hour of the Time. Today we're going to take you to May 28, 1998, which was day four of our annual conference, and you're going to hear a lecture by Mr. Miles Gilbert, who is an archaeologist, a good friend of mine who lives in the Round Valley of Arizona, and he's going to set you straight on ancient Indian cultures, who they were, what were the messages that they left in the pictographs and in the rock paintings, and what did it really mean? I think you're going to find it extremely interesting. Miles is afflicted with a sort of a dry humor, much like the English. He is engaging. He is funny. He will educate you. And he's a hell of a nice guy. Miles believes in the Constitution for the United States of America. He believes in the right to keep and bear arms. He believes in the right to freedom of religion. Miles is a Christian. Miles is one of those people who, when it comes time to give up your arms, is not going to give up anything, unless it's bullets first, just like me. So, please listen, and I hope you learned something, because almost everything that he discusses during his lecture, and you're going to hear again, you know, tomorrow, not tomorrow, but Monday, from Miles, almost everything that he discusses as far as ruins, ancient Indian cultures, pictographs, pictograms, the things that he's talking about, are all located within one mile to three or four miles from my home. And while I knew that some of them existed, I was not in any way cognizant of the majority of what he is discussing during this lecture. But I have made it a point to go and see some of them, and before this year is up, I'm going to see every single ruin and ancient message that the Native Americans who lived long before we ever came here left for the posterity of the world to see. And I hope that both of you listening in the Round Valley will also do the same. So without further ado, my good friend and my neighbor, Mr. Miles Gilbert. Are you ready? Well, the camera is running up to the mark here, so that we can have a little space. For editing, you need a minute, and a minute on the end. It doesn't matter what's in that space. You just need it for the camera roll. Forget it roll. Miles is my good friend. I met him. He was driving around looking for a house, and he drove up on my mountain, and there was a lot up there. It had a for sale sign, and he mistakenly thought that we owned the whole mountain. And knocked on the door, and we invited him in to show him around, all that kind of stuff. We've been friends ever since. Miles is an archaeologist. He works mainly in the north, eastern, and east, central areas of Arizona. His specialty is Indian cultures and ancient, Native American cultures and remains and sites and all that kind of stuff. So what I'm asking to do, and he's going to tell you a little bit more about what his specialty is in his education background. What I'm asking to do is to come and share with you some of his knowledge and sort of help dispel some of the myths that are floating around out there about where the ancient Indians came from and what they're trying to say and what their culture really was to sort of cut through all the bullshit that's being walked through by the new age and the UFO community, and everybody that's some kind of agenda that wanted to use this to steer us in some way away from the truth. And if anybody in this world can do it, the wild can do it. So without any further ado, would you please give him a big hug? Thank you. I thought I was here to do Shakespeare in Campbell. Well, maybe you are. Bill didn't say that I was educated beyond my intelligence from the time I left the third grade. But a smart person would not get three degrees in anthropology, and I did, so that goes right there. I wasn't too right. I was well on my way to being an applied immunologist at the University of Canvas, and the university required some classes in social sciences in order to graduate. So we're talking to parents that collected a six-month box full of arrowheads on their ranch in the Texas Panhandle, and I wanted to know, and I'll lap some of the taxis that I do online. I don't know what crime in it may have been our head. So I took that box of arrowheads over to the university and signed up for an archaeology class and made a hard turn away from applying an entomology. I've probably been led with the government to apply now, but I've stayed with applying an entomology. But I've enjoyed my career as an archaeologist very much. The University of Canvas also required two foreign languages for graduation. And being from the Texas Panhandle, I thought college English ought to satisfy one requirement, but it didn't. So I've been Spanish, which has served me well, and Peru, and Guatemala, and Mexico as an archaeologist. But the committee wanted me to think German, and I was sure in my heart that I would never need German, didn't need to read German, didn't want to speak German, didn't like German. Excuse me. Didn't like what they did in the Second World War. Anyway, so I campaigned upon the committee to let me do comparative osteology. That is, how do I identify the bones of critters that are found in archaeological context or otherwise. So I got a master's in archaeology. The thesis title was actually longer than the body of the thesis. It was some aspects of diet and butchering techniques among pre-thoric Indians in South Dakota. And then I did a PhD in applied forensic osteology. I worked for the various police officials identifying the bodies with homicide victims and that sort of thing, which brings us to the first point I'll make this afternoon, and that is that our Native Americans, the people that we just call Indians, are actually related folks from Asia. And they got here a very long time ago. Perhaps 30,000 years ago, there was a bridge, what we call the varying land bridge between here and northeastern Asia. During the high stage, a great deal of seawater was taken up in the form of glaciers, and so the sea level was lowered by about 300 feet, 100 meters, gubertaic. And lowering the sea level that much then established a land bridge between northeastern Asia and northwestern North America. And a lot of the animals that we find here actually are migrants out of Asia. Elephants, for instance. The oldest elephants are found over in Asia and Africa. And the oldest buffalo, the sea of the skull that we're hanging up there on the wall, those are, of course, actually bison. The Latin name is bison, bison, bison. If you didn't hear the first time, it was bison, bison, bison. I had two off-train, ladies, digging with me in Cosmol Heights this summer. I wasn't for recently directed to Cosmol Heights our biological program over the spring wheel. And I informed the ladies that these animals are actually bison and not buffalo such as are found in Australia and Africa. And these ladies told me with a perfectly straight face that in Australia a bison is what you watch your bison. So, our Native Americans have a number of physical characters in common with people from Asia. First of all, we talk about Native Americans or Indians having high cheekbones would not be higher than those from any other racial groups or simply more prominent laterally. A Native American skull is probably widest across the cheekbones, across what we call the zygomatic arches here. Whereas, those of you who are descendants of Europeans, your skull is probably widest somewhere above or behind your ears or something there. So, Native Americans have very wide zygomatic arches, wide cheekbones. Not high, but wide. Although, Native Americans have relatively flat faces, that is to say the face doesn't come out in a point the way it does in those of us who are of European descent. Now, I'll illustrate that by putting this pencil across the base of this chap's nose and you'll notice that the maxilla of the cheekbone protrudes so far anteriorly that there's not space for me to get my index finger between the pencil and the cheekbone. I'll compare that now with this guy of European descent. By the way, everybody has white bones. This guy is called Brown Simper because whoever dug him up by Canada, Arizona, happened to put a commercial act on him. So, we'll put the pencil across the base of the nose of this dude and you can see there is space to get my finger almost between the cheekbone and the pencil. What I'm trying to say is that those of us from Europe have faces that are built kind of like the prowl of a ship. We're kind of pre-adapted for sticking our noses in other people's building. At least that seems to have been our foreign policy for the last couple hundred years. Another racial phrase that is different between Native Americans and Anglos and Anglos is that we have a very well-developed nasal seal. There is a dam or ridge of bone here at the front of the nose and if you don't think it's too gross, you can take a little finger and calculate right there and if you have one, you will feel a ridge or dam or bone. Now, this Native American, on the other hand, does not have one. You can see that there is not a dam or ridge or bone at the front. What this would be useful for if you're a runner, this would come like if you have a supercharger on your automobile engine, you can get more air in quickly. If we look at the ear hole of a Native American, rarely is it possible to see another hole down inside of what we call the open window which is a natural and naturally occurring for women in the middle ear. Everybody has one, it's just that the ear hole of a Native American is shaped differently from those from Europe and so if you get an opportunity later, you may look in the ear hole and you will be able to see the open window in this white gun. The oldest racial trait that is known is the shovel-shaped incisor, that is to say the enamel on the two front teeth especially is curved around on the side in a scoop-like fashion. Think about the little scoop that you have down at the grocery store when you buy your coffee and you use a ball or your granola or your chocolate whatever it is. The little scoop has ridges on the side. Okay? I want to pass these around. These are some central incisors from Native Americans and you can see that the enamel does deep curl around on the side. For a very, very strong tooth. If the assumptions we make about radiometric dating are correct, then people lived in the cases outside Beijing or what we call Beijing China. They lived there about 450,000 years ago and they had double-shaped insides. That's why I say that's the oldest racial trait that is known. Phil didn't say anything to me about this next aspect that I want to talk about but I just wouldn't feel right if I didn't. I don't know if I'll talk to you about sex but I can talk to you about gender so I want to talk about some cranial characters that enable us forensic osteologists to determine the gender of the disease. First of all, both these chaps are chaps, they're both males and so what I'm going to tell you is true of both craniums. I'll use those when we go to be more complete. First of all, the male cranium has a bigger brow ridge. We have a bigger bar of bone above our eyes than to females. And secondly, the forehead, the frontal bone, slopes backward on the male as compared to the female. If we have a female, it would be more vertical like this rather than slowing back. After almost 30 years of marriage, I finally discovered why the male forehead slopes back. Was this your birthday? Did I present our anniversary? Again. Also, the male orbits tend to be square cornered, whereas the edges, the margins of the female orbit are more round, so males are more square cornered. And males tend to have a bigger mastoid process. If you take your finger and poke around behind your ear, you will find a lump of bone back there. This term mastoid is from the root mastos, which has to do being cone shaped. And I'll tell you this because after a while I'm going to talk about mastodonts, which were extinct elephants that had cone shaped cusps on their teeth. So this is a cone shaped hunk of bone, and you have one of these unless you've had a mastoid ectomy, not to be infused with a mastectomy, which is the further removal of the breast, but they're both cone shaped structures. Also, men tend to have bigger muscle markings. Now this is less true than it used to be. If you have noticed going through the checkout line of the grocery store, you've probably seen muscle building magazines and there have been photographs of women on the covers of those who obviously could wrestle me into the dust. And until I met my wife, I always went on wood. But men tend to have bigger muscle markings than females, unless the female happens to be a weight builder. The mandible, the lower jaw, is another piece of evidence to determine gender. This mandible does not belong to either of these skulls, but I will replace it on this one just to show you another Native American character. Virtually everybody in here has an overbite. That is to say that's your upper state. Does your upper teeth overlap your lower teeth? Most of you have an overbite. Native Americans have an edge to edge vike such that the upper teeth and the lower teeth come together in the front. And that would be true of this individual and this individual, even though they're not the same individual. You can see that they have a position together, so either of them would have had an edge to edge vike. that they have an edge of the other and this is called the gonial angle of the mandible. So this is the horizontal ramus and this is the vertical or the ending ramus and where they come together they make an angle. In the human female this angle is obtuse. Remember geometry, this is an obtuse angle whereas in the human male this would be much more of a right angle, more of a right angle, more altuse than a human female. Now you may wonder why this guy has some extra holes in his head and I would like to explain that. I was head of the human identification laboratory at the University of Missouri Columbia in 1980 when this guy came in for the land. He didn't come in by himself, he came in with the Missouri Highway Patrol and they wanted to know if it had been shot in the head and I said, no. First of all, both of these holes are bigger on the outside than they are on the inside. So if either of them was a bullet hole, it would be an exit hole. It would be blowing bone out so the hole would be bigger on the outside than on the inside. But the real giveaway is both margins are very smooth. And this hole actually has the most fur of the bone growing across it. So, the bottom line is this guy had these holes inserted into his head long before he died. He was actually in the process of healing. Bone was growing across the hole when he finally metastatic. Turns out that he was only 53 years old. I'm now 55, so only 53 is he significant to me. He was very young. He was only 53. He was found by the Missouri Highway Patrol in a vacant lot in Jefferson City, Missouri. And when I told them what I knew about him, they began to look into their records and discovered he had been a prisoner in the penitentiary of Jefferson City, Missouri. He had been involved in a riot and received an attitude adjustment, a bilateral attitude adjustment. Had headaches, of course, because he had medical people in here. You all know the term subdural hematoma, alias, the blood bottle, the brain. Of course, this is the frontal lobe, which is where rational thought occurs, and I'm glad you brought that to my attention, because see, every point we can make with regard to the female forehead being more vertical, it's obvious that women are pretty adapted for greater capacity for rational thought, is there not? It just may be that some men have wondered why some women have not displayed greater capacity for rational thought, but I would not be one of those. So, he had surgery headaches and these trepanation hold rather than relieving the pressure of the sub-year-old hematoma or blood clot, and the guy who served his time got out and died probably of congestive heart failure out there. Now, I want to see how much you've learned already, and you'll be surprised how much, you know. A few months ago, I got a walk to bones from Mojave County Sheriff's Office, and there was only a big-bunny gallon of gas can. It was that wide of the bones, and all the bones were burned, all of them were broken, and those that were the least burned, and the least broken were those with the dog. Obviously, Rover was done all over. But in that box were four human bones. One of them was a tingles, or a strangles, an ankle bone. One was the middle digit of the fourth finger. I was wondering to be careful which finger I stick up to and ladies depending. Anyway, the third bone that was human was from the middle of the skull over to about there, the upper left margin of the left orbit. And it had a well-built brow bridge as a square corner, the middle margin, which I didn't mention. As many times as I'm giving this talk, I'm always leaving something out. And I just remembered that the female orbit tends to be more sharp in margin, have a sharper edge to it than the male does that. Okay, so what gender do we have? We have a male. And the fourth bone was from the midline over to about where the canine tooth inserts and had a very well-built nasal cell. So what race did we have? Have Europeans said, why don't you guys know where you were in a very short time. The problem with the case of defense was, and speaking of cases, there was the nine millimeter case in with the bones and the cell happened to own a grounding high power equipped with a silencer and he had three fully automatic spin machine guns and he was a machinist and he had burned up the deceased and the dog of the deceased with magnesium. You can generate it perfectly hot fire with magnesium. But he said it's because those bones were my late wife. I had her cremated with two problems with that. First of all, the gender and secondly, your crematorium does a much more efficient job with burning human skeleton into little clinkers than he had done. So question or comment about this before we look at the kind of animals that were here on the Colorado Plateau to share the environment with our native marriage. Sir? Can you picture me that you grow up too old because it let off the blood pressure? Yes, sir. And that's how they do it? Well, that's what anybody would do that kind of damage. Young had to rig it and etc. Would take care of it. Anything else? Even prisons are real doctors. which is not always what you should be seeing. Not necessarily sober ones. Well, let's see how they turn out. Is that focused? Wasn't that a wonderful lunch? My compliments to the cooks. Are we ready? Yes, sir. Okay. This line, of course, represents North and South America. In the upper left-hand corner, you can see a radiocarbon date of 27,000 years ago. That is taken from a caribou tibia. That would be the shin bone out of the caribou. And it was modified by people. Modified to become a hide scraper. And it certainly is close then with a 30,000 year margin that Hanson Paul accepted was probably the earliest date for the population of the new world from the old. Men and women out of Asia chasing elephants and buffalo and so forth to get over here. You will see some other dates like down in South America we have 14 and 16,000 14,000 people were down here in El Cuego by certainly 12,000 years ago. Now these people specialized in hunting mammoths and I want to show you some slides from a site at the north edge of the Colorado plateau where the Madison linestone formation is about 900 feet thick and when the laramide erogenine occurred that would be the uplifting of the rocky mountain chain that occurred about 70 million years ago it would take a week this limestone which of course represents an ocean bottom that limestone was uplifted and it cracked and groundwater percolated through the cracks resulted in the creation of caves and here is one that traps a great number of animals if you can think about the cave the same old cave along a nature game trail and during the ice age there was a lot more vegetation than there is currently in that area animals simply did not see the hole and so they fell some of them fell onto a pile of snow and ice some of the predators did and survived the fall to starve to death they chewed on the bones of animals that were already in there here we have a situation in June with about 18 of snow and ice that the animals could fall on nowadays during the ice age there must have been a great deal more some of you may remember an account of one of our air crew shot down over Germany during the second world war his chutes bear chutes did not open he fell 18,000 feet had some tree lambs and they were really deep snow bang and he survived he didn't walk away from it but he did survive he healed up in a prison camp so here are some of the kinds of animals that were around around ice age here and here is comparison of a modern ranch horse foot tall and high sage horse foot tall here in the middle of the picture is a horse skull there is the boating eye range of the cheek the upper tooth roll the front teeth the nose soaping the top of the skull man and this is what it looks like when you get it out and glue it back and gutter I had a paleontological prepper named John Corn and I brought him a sack full of bones and he dumped them out and saw that the animal had a long face and he said Miles this animal had a long face what do you want me to make of it do you want a camel do you want a moose I said John has horse's teeth won't you make a horse out of it so he did the most exciting animal that we found in the course of 11 field seasons was this one and this is Johnny Corn holding this animal can any of you guess what sort of animal that is this is a dog or a cat or a wolverine anybody want to guess it is a cat in fact we were so excited when we found this we offered an article to Science Magazine and Wonder Wonders it made the cover of Science March 11th 1977 we said that we had found or made the discovery of this at the time of the article of the discovery of a cheetah like cat in the North American Pleistocene so we had this cheetah like cat compared to a mountain lion the mountain lion is a much more robust stocky ambush predator whereas the cheetah like cat would be an active pursuit predator well anybody who remember Samuel Langhorn Cuddness alias Mark Twain Mr. Quain said there's something fascinating about science one gets such wholesale returns and conjecture from such a trifling investment in fact we made the cover of Science Magazine and we were wrong we didn't have cheetah like cats we had cheetahs we looked up a bunch more after the article was published and we compared them with no cheetahs and there was no difference cheetahs why do you care these guys the ancestors of these guys were sharing this environment with a host of pursuit predators cheetahs lions shortcase bears wolves and I wouldn't want to deal with one of these dudes we found two kinds of muskops in the cave and who cares about muskops and the other animals I've shown you thus far have been predators of grass eaters these guys today live in the tundra like environment around there at one time and this is a direwolf skull if you go to the page museum you'll find an entire wall which lays this wall behind me covered with direwolf skulls a lot of them were attracted to the smell carrying their page tar pits so they got stuck in the tarp now direwolf is different from a modern wolf only in that his skull is bigger and his shoulders are bigger the rest of the body size is the same as a modern wolf and we have in the same strength that is they died at the same time both modern wolves and dire wolves the point of this is the modern wolves did not evolve from dire wolves in what were called chronologues species they were alive at the same time just as comanion man homo erectus excuse me homo sapiens was alive at the same time as homo neanderthal that is to say that we modern people did not evolve from andrew balls ok there were some animals that we did not find because the habitat ok there were some animals that we did not find because the habitat around that area was not correct we didn't find stag moose we didn't find mastodons we did not find saber tooth cat this whole complex of animals could be associated with a brushing environment rather than a chundra or rat plant environment here's a skull short-faced bear and remember he's a long-legged bear but he's called short-faced because the length of the tooth rope is short compared to the length of the tooth rope in other bears we found red foxes we also found collared lemmings and these are very important animals because whereas the climate changes the mammoth and pack is from and go to Florida nobody's away down here though if the if the climate changes this little guy is going to become locally extinct and he of course today is found only up in the toothor area up in the arctic circle he's a collar lemming we found those locally here we are digging and we not only dug up bones but we also took out of the cave a tremendous amount of dirt that we washed and spread out so we could sort through it and find the bones and teeth of the tiny animals that are reasonably as athletes in their environment so we could see how the climate change will remain the same now the climate around the area today is a sagebrush and juniper environment so what we would find there would be sage sprouts and sage mice etc during the ice age there was a tremendous variety of vegetation which were again supported that's the wide variety of animals this is a rich kind of find that we would make during the course of a week we have big horn sheep cheetah wolf horses camels tremendous number of things and the site was important because it's stratified we have radio carbon dates up there 10,990 years and 12,000 and 14,000 and 16,000 and we get going on down here to the volcanic ash layer that has two independent means of dating one is 107,000 years ago and the other 110,000 years ago and those disagree with each other about less than 3% over the course of time we're talking about below this volcanic ash level is a big horn sheep and if any of you hunt big horn sheep you would be I think impressed for the size of that animal the point is this guy fell into this game something over 107,000 years ago during what we call the Sangamon integration and you may notice by this time that all the sheep I've shown you are males and you ladies are thinking well of course with emails you are too smart to fall in a hole probably those ran for buddy heads who fell in the real reason of course is that the ram fell in a hole because he couldn't make a new turn there's still some people that sleep out here though the fact of the matter is that male big horn sheep have a separate home range from the ewes and lambs and so this cave situation was located where the ram home range was well we talked about sheep I want to mention this guy this is an arctic box alopex lagabus and we also found those so again we have a wide variety of fodder representing different climatic episodes in the cave and this is the last slide of this series here we have a giant ground flock interacting with some paleolithic hunters some Native Americans who remembers the name of the the third president of the United States this animal was described from a farm in Virginia and he was published by the third president of the United States who because the animal had giant claws he thought it was a giant lion so he named it Megalonyx Megalonyx giant lion Megalonyx Jeffersoni Thomas Jefferson published this animal and they were alive well right here in the immediate vicinity we have bones of these critters from here so our ICH hunters could have interacted with these dudes right here now before I go on to the next series of the slides I want to give you all an opportunity to ask questions or make comments because the next series will set the ground for our pentaglyph talk also if anybody needs to make a ponding break don't even give me permission to do this but I know that an empty bladder is a heavy bladder okay moving right along the people who generated the pictographs and pentaglyphs in this part of the world were descendants of the earliest ICH hundreds we have Native Americans coming over maybe 30,000 years ago and by 12,000 years ago they were far south of South America Diego Huego some of them developed some pretty highly specialized cultures in Middle America especially from Mexico and then came back up into the Southwest into Arizona New Mexico they were the ancestors of the people we now call Hopi and or Zuni this site that we're looking at is 12,000 over in the East over in the Champo Canyon this site was built around 18950 the last tree ring date we have indicating abandonment would be about 1070 1075 people left there then went up to the Hopi bases they came over here in Arizona and so forth this site has 32 circular structures that we call kivas religious the church all sort of explanation but they think of in some sense as a church the kiva has an internal bench and it represents one of the levels of emergence which I'll explain on the tarot there's several varieties of architecture at Pueblo and Eto'o corn agriculture was a major means of making living and the corn animals ground and these big stone bowls we call matantes matate is a word in our language derived from a non-warble word there's some other words in your language that are non-warble choppa is one the little animal that marks at the moon we call coyote says cordero so this complex at Pueblo Benito was so successful and so widespread there are outlier villages close by here that have the same culture they were generally related to people who built this site now some of you have been to Cain and the Shea you mentioned and we're going to look at a few slides of that and this of course is Spider Woman Rock part of the Puebloan and part of the Navajo mythology has to do with a creator being known as Spider Woman and she is eventually looking at one top of that rock excuse me you notice how well preserved Puebloan was sitting out in the open and how poorly preserved these sites are even though they're in this alcove the difference is this is Navajo sandstone which simply does the weather as well as the Dakota the sandstone that Puebloan was built out of okay the very earliest pictographs which are painted images and tetroglyphs which are images that are painted and wrong the very earliest ones of those date from the Arcane period several thousand years before the birth of Christ those people lived in alcoves like this but they did not build Puebloans this is Cliff Palace this was discovered by a couple of cowboys Richard Wetherill and Charmant Mason found this in December of 1880 and until a bigger one was made in New York City in 1880 this complex was the largest apartment dwelling in the world here again we see some random structures which were kivas or religious structures now getting much closer to home this is the valley of the upper little Colorado this is the little Colorado this is the canyon over by Bill's house I advise you to come over when you have time when you're done here if you have time and you're going east I went over to see the Raven site a lot of the petroglyphs that I'm going to show you are from this immediate area and this is a clan symbol we notice over here that we have on their markers that is a clan symbol specifically the sand clan associated with the Hopi it's also identified as being a marker for Venus and it's a marker for Kessel Koala that Virgin Angelo who ostensibly came over back when here's a Casino mask Casino cult began about AD 1275 if you can think about being a newcomer to the community you're going to move into Eager but you don't know Bill Cooper you don't have a friend there yet but you'd find in that community already established groups that you can relate to perhaps you're a member of a particular church congregation you know you're a Baptist or Lutheran or something maybe you're also a Rotarian or Kiwanis or Lions club so you have those groups that you can go associate with Casino cult serves in this way between 1276 and 1299 was a terrific drought here in Southwest and people had to migrate the climate got to be too dry where they were to go foreign and so they had to move a lot of people from the four corners area moved up river and they found people already living there well there are two things could happen they could fight or they could accept these people now Casino cult operated to incorporate people into the communities a guy who was a member of a casino cult then would be responsible to help provide for the community at large perhaps he would work on an irrigation canal perhaps he would be asked to redistribute food there are over 300 individual identifiable Casinos now let me explain the word a little more I'm using the word Casino K-A-T-S-I-N-A rather than K-A-C-H-I-N-A which you have seen in the literature the reason for this is Casino is not a Puebloan sound there's not a C-H sound like church or Chile in Puebloan language so T-S is more popular so I'm calling Casinos now the word applies not only to those little cottonwood figures that we just call dolls they're not dolls like Barbie and Ken they are carved representations of spirit beings so Casino also refers to the spirit of a departed person and it refers to the it refers to the mask and costume that a guy puts on when he assumes the personage of that departed spirit and I say guy virtually all casinos are male if a woman really wants to be added to a casino cult she can do so an easy way is to save the life of a casino guy or you can work for it but let me tell you it's not worth it women in federal society have a lot going for them without being casino members first of all federal society is matrilineal everybody figures his clan membership through his mother and they're matrilocal which means that when a guy marries he would go and live with his bride and her family and here's the good of his ladies women on all the property and if you want to divorce a guy and want little property he has you simply put it out the front door when he comes home from the deal sayonara built wherever so these federal clips that are images that are packed into the stone and we have here the whole panel so let me draw your attention to the board briefly and the first thing I want to mention up here is cosmology these people have a different cosmology probably from most people cosmology simply has to do with the theory or philosophy about the nature of the universe how did things come to be what they are is there a god is there more than one god where did I come from why am I here all this has to do with cosmology creation of order out of chaos these people are also specifically animism animism is the belief that natural objects are alive that is they have souls and therefore if you wanted to cut down a tree for a purpose you would probably make an offering to that tree for sacrificing itself to your need likewise as a stone or anything else shamanism then is a doctrine or belief that spirits can be influenced these 12 people so this is a belief system that's shared throughout Asia even today these people believe that it is good to have in the community a person who specializes in interacting with the spirits so we would call him a shaman and many of the petroglyphs were generated by shamas as a ritual activity but there are other things that generate petroglyphs the least frequent fortunately the least frequent petroglyph plaque you will find is graffiti I just brought a little face up there some Hopi shepherds have said that yes when we were kids out here with the sheep and we were bored we would put graffiti on the rocks we did generate some petroglyph graffiti with the motion petroglyphs that you will find will fall into one of these categories either as recorders such as recording an individual event like the explosion of the supernova in AD 1054 and that's usually marked by an exploding star which was seen close to the crescent moon that supernova event was so bright that it could be seen during the daytime you could see it in the daylight over two weeks we know that because the Chinese who were in the writing by that time recorded that there's another supernova later on so you can record an event as a petroglyph many of them are markers like I'll be showing over here as a clan marker where the sand clan or the thatcher clan or the turkey clan let their markers and these two guys are this pair represents the warrior twins elder brother is marked by the bow and younger brother is marked by this little hourglass symbol another kind of petroglyph then would be ritual and this is most of what the shaman got involved with ritual magic suppose he was a big horn sheet the shaman would go then and he would pray make an offering and generate a petroglyph pertinent to that and you find this also in the caves the cave arch in Spain sometime there in prayer and what's the name of the other one I'm trying to make a whole of the and that stuff takes back 30,000 years that kind of ritual shamanism for hunting now there's several forms of petroglyph those that are human like of course are anthropomorphs and you want to pay attention when you're looking at them to notice whether they're standing or whether they're floating which would be kind of a dream or trance state where the person is not in a right mind if you will but he is actually in a spiritual boat or even the apostle Paul constantly had gone to the third level of heaven in his Corinthian letter you want to pay attention to the gender of the individual most of them are male but some are definitely female but what's the figure doing is it just standing around or is it acting out in some way the zoolworms then are animals they might be game animals they might be totemic animals like in this case the badger is a totemic animal they might be a messenger animal like a snake or a centipede or a parrot and how all those are messenger animals sometimes they're simply geometric in which case they are symbolic this pair of interlocking steps is specifically the symbol for the Hoki Paki or cloud house or water planting they have for all those names this is a very very old symbol you find that the petroglyph and you also find it on pondering another geometric that's very common is the spiral almost always they're counterclockwise but sometimes they're clockwise and they have a number of meanings depending upon their context usually they simply represent emergence the clinical pathology is that people used to be below ground below the surface of the earth and they have come through three below ground existences to this above ground fourth world and where they came up above ground from below ground is this exit place here is called the Sipapu you'll see it as Sipapu in the literature but Sipapuni is correct if you're dealing with Hokie so another kind of geometric you might find is one that can be interpreted as corn it's like the roads are near corn if you find the same symbol but there are dots in the middle of these square then you have an aerial view down on the pebble those are the entrance holes in the rooftop of the pebble parallel lines usually represent irrigated or farmed land so that's just a small fraction but when we get the lights off we will continue with these how are we done on time there Bill how much stayed we got about 13 more and we'll take care of that okay meanwhile back in our bedroom panel you recognize this there as sand clan or venus or quetzal coala and recognize this as one of the 300 cassino masts and this as a snake which can have a wide variety of interpretations he could be snake clan he can be a messenger animal he can be a marker for the location of a stream because snakes are associated with water as well as the underground we have some footprints on here and they can indicate direction there's also this one that has six toes and the six toes is probably a representation of reality in a small breeding isolate say the Amish for instance polydaccharine that is the occurrence of an extra finger or an extra toe is a real phenomenon in a small breeding isolate so as in fact this six toe foot frame represents a six toe person and here we have our spiral red and because it's associated with a snake which is the way it's drawn is indicating the direction of a spring there's a spring directly here and we also have this which to me looks like a kernel of corn but anthropologists being what they are anything that's agreeably associated with sex is attractive to an archaeologist or an anthropologist there are those who interpret this as female genitalia but if you pay your money you take a chance on that one you have now I haven't yet said anything about current problem or identifications of these things some of these symbols that I will show you have very broad meaning and some are very esoteric depending what you ask you are hoping or assuming what you're looking at you will get a different answer I have done both this is identified as a member of the two horn society or a member of the antelope clan depending on who you ask and this is identified as a member of the corn clan here would be the roots and here would be the big leaves on the corn or it's identified as a spirit being depending on who you ask so I want to alert you that there's not always agreement amongst the tribes about what the identification are and this is very familiar with who has his antennae up here if you want to identify Copacola as being an insect related to the acacia where he has a humpback and antennae or you can think of those as being feathered and this backpack full of seeds or trade goods and of course he's playing a flute he has a barely discernible penis but Copacola usually is represented as being well endowed in that respect because he is after all identified with fertility and this one can be identified again as a member of the corn plant because it looks like an ear of corn or others identify it as a butterfly symbol because of the antennae head so what they've done is identified the mature butterfly head with the immature or a caterpillar life and that's it folks we'll continue Monday where we left off today good night and God bless each and every single one of you time one boy Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.